Authored by leading Indonesian economists and environmental experts, Who Pays What for Indonesia’s Green Transition? asks a fundamental question:

“How can Indonesia’s energy transition be just, affordable, and sustainable for all affected stakeholders and ordinary citizens — not only a few elites and foreign actors?“

As a whole, this book examines how the country’s path to a greener future is shaped not only by technology and fiscal capacity but also by geopolitical dynamics and various socioeconomic considerations. The investment plan and policies for Indonesia’s energy transition must therefore be strategic and grounded in both its national interests and socioeconomic realities. Below are key takeaways from this book to inform effective policymaking process that can truly support a just and sustainable energy transition in Indonesia:

• Climate, environmental, and energy issues are deeply intertwined and shaped by the interplay between global interests and national security concerns. A balanced approach is therefore needed to ensure that climate issues and energy transition are viewed holistically by considering their social, economic, and political contexts in the short and medium term.
• Justice and institutions are instrumental. Lasting progress depends not only on new policies but also on whether or not governance improves as a result — and  to what extent  it can support more efficient and equitable business processes to accommodate the evolving climate change and clean energy issues .
• Financing is the most significant barrier. With current resources far below what’s required, reliance on foreign debt is unsustainable and will put a great strain on Indonesia’s fiscal capacity. Bridging the climate finance gap therefore demands reform, innovation, and international cooperation.

By recognizing the urgency and complexity of Indonesia’s energy transition, this book seeks to raise awareness and encourage broader and deeper dialogue on how the global climate agenda can be adopted more sensibly by considering Indonesia’s unique context. The goal is to help policymakers and the public approach the transition with both realism and strategy, shaping policies that lead to a resilient, sustainable, and low-carbon future for Indonesia.

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