[{"id":42628,"date":"2021-09-16T19:34:21","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T19:34:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/sectors\/energy-2\/"},"modified":"2021-10-25T14:08:31","modified_gmt":"2021-10-25T14:08:31","slug":"energy","status":"publish","type":"sectors","link":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/id\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/energy\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy"},"content":{"rendered":"

Energy sector commitments in Africa amounted to USD 43.8 billion in 2018<\/a>, 67% higher than the 2015-2017 average and reaching the highest level of commitments ever recorded in the sector. This is on par with estimated investment needs by the Program for Infrastructure Development (PIDA), which called for USD 42.2 billion annually to 2040 to meet forecasted demand. However, the level of energy commitments and progress on electrification has been uneven across regions.<\/p>\n

West Africa received the largest share of energy commitments at USD 14.13 billion (34% of the total) and has the highest energy access rate at 52% in Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding South Africa). South Africa and North Africa were the next largest recipients at USD 7.9 billion and USD 7.7 billion respectively, with electrification rates of 86% and 100%. Southern Africa (excluding South Africa) received USD 4.62 billion, East Africa USD 3.4 billion, and Central Africa USD 3.5 billion, each with electrification rates of 31%, 39%, and 25% respectively. Total private financing across the continent was USD 11.8 billion, with the majority going to energy and ICT sectors. USD 7.7 billion, or 65% of total private financing was destined for South Africa, including 21 new renewable energy projects, accounting for the majority of finance received by the country.<\/p>\n

Achieving universal energy access, while cost-effectively meeting the increasing energy demand of a growing population and doing so with clean energy are the main challenges and key priorities<\/a> faced by decision makers in the energy sector. With electricity demand in Africa expected to triple by 2040, many countries have turned to developing their untapped hydropower potential. Current installed hydropower capacity across the continent remains at around 37 GW<\/a>, representing only around 11% of Africa\u2019s full capacity. The low utilization rate may be explained by several factors, such as the land-intensive and site-specific nature of hydropower plants, a high-level of geological and hydrological risks that must be shared across public and private stakeholders, and significant project risks<\/a> during the construction phase. These factors are amplified in lower-income countries, making it even less attractive for private investors. The only large privately financed project in Africa has been the Bujagali plant in Uganda, whereas the majority of hydropower plants have been publicly financed often with the support of concessional finance and long maturities.<\/p>\n

By 2030, hydropower and wind capacity in Africa could reach 100 GW each<\/a>. Over 50 hydropower projects currently under construction are expected to add only 15GW<\/a> of installed capacity by 2025, suggesting significant room for scaling up. Additional investments will be critical to account for increasing climate impacts and aging infrastructure, two of the main drivers contributing to low-capacity factors.  For instance, installed capacity in hydropower increased at an annual rate of 4.4% over the past decade, whereas generation only increased at an annual rate of 2.4%.<\/p>\n

Approximately USD 250 million in adaptation finance tracked to the energy sector in Africa on average annually across 2017-18 from multilateral DFIs (95%) and international government ODA (5%). Finance to the sector was overwhelmingly in the form of low-cost project debt (91%) while the remainder was in the form of grant funding (9%).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Energy sector commitments in Africa amounted to USD 43.8 billion in 2018, 67% higher than the 2015-2017 average and reaching the highest level of commitments ever recorded in the sector. This is on par with estimated investment needs by the Program for Infrastructure Development (PIDA), which called for USD 42.2 billion annually to 2040 to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":230,"featured_media":42722,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-42628","sectors","type-sectors","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEnergy - CPI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/energy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Energy - CPI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Energy sector commitments in Africa amounted to USD 43.8 billion in 2018, 67% higher than the 2015-2017 average and reaching the highest level of commitments ever recorded in the sector. This is on par with estimated investment needs by the Program for Infrastructure Development (PIDA), which called for USD 42.2 billion annually to 2040 to […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/energy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CPI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ClimatePolicyInitiative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-10-25T14:08:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GCA-sector-energy.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"854\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"853\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@climatepolicy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimasi waktu membaca\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 menit\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\\\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\\\/sectors\\\/energy\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\\\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\\\/sectors\\\/energy\\\/\",\"name\":\"Energy - 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Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) finds that transport sector commitments totaled USD 32.5 billion in 2018 in Africa. This compares to the USD 100 million tracked in adaptation finance to the transport sector in the same year \u2013 suggesting that the vast majority of finance to the sector is not climate resilient. ICA estimates a total transport sector investment gap in Africa of between USD 4 billion and USD 16 billion annually and notes that only about 1\/3 of rural Africans live within 2km of an all-season road.<\/p>\n<p>Per the Landscape, public international climate adaptation investment in the transport sector is dominated by East Africa (43%), Southern Africa (35%), and West Africa (16%), with North and Central Africa each receiving less than 5%. Meanwhile, the plurality of overall investment beyond climate adaptation in the sector flowed to Southern Africa (37%), followed by a relatively evenly split among regions with North, West, and East Africa all receiving between 16% and 23% of investment in the sector. Central Africa received by far the least of any sector (USD 1.4 billion or 4.4%) \u2013 aligned with the small amount of climate adaptation finance in the sector directed to the region.<\/p>\n<p>African national governments are by far the most significant source of funding to the sector \u2013 contributing USD 19.5 billion of the USD 32.4 billion to the sector in 2018, per ICA. As of 2018, China has become the second largest category of funder of the sector (USD 6.6 billion in 2018) and in 2017 became by far the largest individual financier of transport investments. China\u2019s commitments in the sector are concentrated in East Africa \u2013 where in 2018, China financed projects across ports, airports, railways, and roads across the region.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) finds that transport sector commitments totaled USD 32.5 billion in 2018 in Africa. This compares to the USD 100 million tracked in adaptation finance to the transport sector in the same year \u2013 suggesting that the vast majority of finance to the sector is not climate resilient. ICA estimates […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":230,"featured_media":42719,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-42627","sectors","type-sectors","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Transport - CPI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/transport\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Transport - CPI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) finds that transport sector commitments totaled USD 32.5 billion in 2018 in Africa. This compares to the USD 100 million tracked in adaptation finance to the transport sector in the same year \u2013 suggesting that the vast majority of finance to the sector is not climate resilient. ICA estimates […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/transport\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"CPI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ClimatePolicyInitiative\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-10-25T14:04:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GCA-sector-transport-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1668\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1060\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@climatepolicy\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimasi waktu membaca\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 menit\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\\\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\\\/sectors\\\/transport\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\\\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\\\/sectors\\\/transport\\\/\",\"name\":\"Transport - 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This compares to the USD 100 million tracked in adaptation finance to the transport sector in the same year \u2013 suggesting that the vast majority of finance to the sector is not climate resilient. ICA estimates […]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/transport\/","og_site_name":"CPI","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/ClimatePolicyInitiative","article_modified_time":"2021-10-25T14:04:32+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1668,"height":1060,"url":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/GCA-sector-transport-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@climatepolicy","twitter_misc":{"Estimasi waktu membaca":"2 menit"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/transport\/","url":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/transport\/","name":"Transport - 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in African city."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/transport\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/id\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Sectors","item":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Transport"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/pt-br\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/pt-br\/","name":"CPI","description":"Climate Policy Initiative works to improve the most important energy and land use policies around the world, with a particular focus on 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Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) finds that water infrastructure sector commitments totaled USD 13.3 billion in 2018 in Africa. This compares to the USD 1.2 billion tracked in adaptation finance to the water sector in the same year \u2013 suggesting that more than 90% of finance to the sector is not climate resilient \u2013 or at least has not been rigorously assessed for physical climate risks. Approximately USD 1.2 billion in adaptation finance was tracked to the water sector in Africa on average annually across 2017-18 from DFIs (72%), international government ODA (14%), multilateral climate funds (9%), other public funds (5%), and commercial FIs (1%). Low-cost project debt constituted 54% of adaptation finance tracked to the water sector, followed by grants (28%), market rate project debt (14%), and project equity (3%). The share of water sector finance as a percentage of total adaptation finance varied by region: the majority of adaptation finance to North Africa was directed to the water sector (56%) while water finance as a share of total adaptation finance to the other four regions was lower \u2013 ranging from 10-23%. ICA also finds that the water infrastructure sector has the highest financing gap of any infrastructure sector in Africa: between USD 43 and 53 billion annually due to a range of challenges including low tariffs, limited local government financial capacity, and low levels of official development assistance (ODA), MDB, and national government funding.<\/p>\n<p>Of the USD 13.3 billion in commitment to the water infrastructure sector in 2018 per ICA, finance was split relatively evenly between Southern, East, and West Africa \u2013 with each receiving between 16% and 20% of the total financing. As is true in tracked adaptation finance to the sector, North Africa received the highest proportion of overall water infrastructure sector investment (28%), while Central Africa received the lowest share, only 5%. South Africa \u2013 treated as its own category within the ICA analysis \u2013 received the remaining 12% of finance to the water sector \u2013 more than double the entire Central African region.<\/p>\n<p>Beyond the resilience context, publicly run water and sanitation utilities in Africa rely on private finance from domestic commercial sources (including domestic banks and bonds). In developed capital markets \u2013 South Africa for example \u2013 local capital markets are a major source of water infrastructure finance and bankable water infrastructure projects often employ special purpose vehicles (SPVs) to mobilize finance alongside commercial bank lending. Finance to the water infrastructure sector in Africa predominantly is sourced from African National Governments and from ICA members (G7 countries, the South African government, AfDB, the European Commission, EIB, and the World Bank). China has played a moderate but increasing role in the sector while other bilaterals and multilaterals have also increased engagement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) finds that water infrastructure sector commitments totaled USD 13.3 billion in 2018 in Africa. This compares to the USD 1.2 billion tracked in adaptation finance to the water sector in the same year \u2013 suggesting that more than 90% of finance to the sector is not climate resilient \u2013 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":230,"featured_media":42716,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-42626","sectors","type-sectors","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Water - CPI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/water\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Water - CPI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa (ICA) finds that water infrastructure sector commitments totaled USD 13.3 billion in 2018 in Africa. 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2003, African governments made commitments to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), an initiative aimed at promoting agricultural growth, poverty reduction and food security in Africa. They committed to allocate at least 10% of total government expenditures to the agriculture sector within five years. The commitment was reaffirmed in 2014 as Malabo Declaration. By 2019, only a fifth of the African countries fulfilled the target of a 10% share of expenditure to agriculture in any year since 2003. Niger, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi and Mali allocated more than 10% of their budgets on agriculture growth, while others like Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo were unable to reach even 5% annually.<\/p>\n<p>The sector is estimated to hold a USD 1 trillion investment opportunity by 2030 but receives very little bank credit. The share of commercial bank lending to agriculture in Africa ranges from 3% in Sierra Leone, 4% in Ghana and Kenya, to 12% in Tanzania and interest rates are particularly high for smallholder farmers. Agriculture start-ups in Africa undertook fundraising deals of USD 616 million from various sources including commercial banks, angel investor networks, and philanthropic and other private investment funds. Fintech is also playing an increasingly significant role in the sector: mobile technology allows for increased access to banking services, accelerates the use of smart-contracting, and can shift payments to a system on the blockchain to increase transparency.<\/p>\n<p>Approximately USD 2.1 billion in adaptation finance was tracked to the agriculture sector in Africa on average annually across 2017-18 from bilateral and multilateral DFIs (59%), international government ODA (24%), multilateral climate funds (5%), other public funds (11%), and commercial FIs (less than 1%). Finance to the sector was evenly split between grants and low-cost project debt (49% each) followed by market-rate project debt (2%) and project equity (less than 1%).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In 2003, African governments made commitments to the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), an initiative aimed at promoting agricultural growth, poverty reduction and food security in Africa. They committed to allocate at least 10% of total government expenditures to the agriculture sector within five years. The commitment was reaffirmed in 2014 as Malabo Declaration. 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Use and Forestry"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>One of the major initiatives in the land use and forestry sector in Africa is the Great Green Wall initiative (GGW), which aims to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land and create up to 10 million green jobs via the development of a green barrier along a 7,000 kilometer stretch from Djibouti to Senegal. Until recently, GGW had largely been driven and funded by the 20 member countries, with total contributions estimated at around USD 1 billion out of an estimated USD 33 billion required.[1] In January 2021, a consortium of donors (African Development Bank (USD 6.5 billion), the World Bank (USD 5 billion) and the European Commission (USD 2.5 billion)) announced a <a href=\"https:\/\/news.globallandscapesforum.org\/49608\/newly-seeded-with-14-billion-africas-great-green-wall-to-see-quicker-growth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USD 14 billion commitment<\/a> to the initiative. The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) will monitor these commitments and facilitate discussions on programming.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of the major initiatives in the land use and forestry sector in Africa is the Great Green Wall initiative (GGW), which aims to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land and create up to 10 million green jobs via the development of a green barrier along a 7,000 kilometer stretch from Djibouti to Senegal. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":230,"featured_media":40719,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-40633","sectors","type-sectors","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Land Use and Forestry - CPI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/id\/gca-africa-adaptation-finance\/sectors\/land-use-and-forestry\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Land Use and Forestry - CPI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One of the major initiatives in the land use and forestry sector in Africa is the Great Green Wall initiative (GGW), which aims to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land and create up to 10 million green jobs via the development of a green barrier along a 7,000 kilometer stretch from Djibouti to Senegal. 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Ecosystem"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Africa is endowed with a vast network of aquatic resources and extensive interconnected oceans. The total length of Africa\u2019s coastal line is 26,000 km which makes the blue economy particularly important for commercial, environmental, and developmental purposes. The African Union defines a blue or ocean economy as \u201csustainable economic development of oceans using such technics [sic] as regional development to integrate the use of seas and oceans, coasts, lakes, rivers and underground water for economic purposes, including, but without being limited to fisheries, mining, energy, aquaculture and maritime transport, while protecting the sea to improve social well-being\u201d. There are no reliable estimates available for the level of existing stock or investment gap in sustainable coastal ecosystems sector in Africa, though a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/resources\/state-finance-nature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNEP report<\/a> suggests that there is close to USD 5 billion annual investment gap in broader nature-based solutions (NBS) related financing in Africa. Globally, the investments in NBS need to triple by 2030 and quadruple by 2050. Public sector financing dominates the landscape contributing over 85% of the funding while public international funding for NBS for adaptation in developing countries is only 1.5% of the total flows.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Africa is endowed with a vast network of aquatic resources and extensive interconnected oceans. The total length of Africa\u2019s coastal line is 26,000 km which makes the blue economy particularly important for commercial, environmental, and developmental purposes. 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Infrastructure"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>African cities face a huge investment deficit, hindered by poor quality institutions, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2011\/wp11126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lack of decentralization<\/a> and low levels of fiscal autonomy. There is no reliable estimate on the level of the investment gap, however, as there is limited knowledge and assessment of the existing infrastructure stock and needs. Some research has indicated that around USD 92 billion annually may be required, which is double the level of current urban expenditures estimated at around <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icafrica.org\/fileadmin\/documents\/IFT_2018\/ICA_Infrastructure_Financing_Trends_in_Africa_-_2018_Final_En.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USD 45 billion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa notes the World Bank and AfDB as the leading financiers of urban infrastructure across the continent, contributing around USD 2.3 billion in 2018. In recognition of the important role that subnational governments can play in supporting Africa\u2019s development goals, AfDB recently <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2021\/02\/19\/afdb_guidelines_on_subnational_finance.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">set out guidelines<\/a> for subnational governments to enhance their ability to increase, diversify and better utilize their financial resources. The Bank also established an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.afdb.org\/en\/topics-and-sectors\/initiatives-partnerships\/urban-and-municipal-development-fund\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Urban and Municipal Development Fund<\/a> in 2020 to support sustainable urban planning, project preparation and financing, secure private capital for infrastructure and develop new financial tools. Applicants from regional member countries may request project-based support via the fund\u2019s regular window or small grants initiative. Complementing these efforts are recently launched initiatives that focus on building cities\u2019 capacities for scaling solutions for urban adaptation, such as the Cities Adaptation Accelerator (CAA), and the Africa Urban Water Resilience Program.<\/p>\n<p>Approximately USD 120 million in adaptation finance tracked to the energy sector in Africa on average annually across 2017-18 from bilateral and multilateral DFIs (80%), international government ODA (11%), and other public funds (9%). Finance tracked to the sector was largely in the form of low-cost project debt (80%) while the remainder was in the form of grant funding (20%).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>African cities face a huge investment deficit, hindered by poor quality institutions, lack of decentralization and low levels of fiscal autonomy. There is no reliable estimate on the level of the investment gap, however, as there is limited knowledge and assessment of the existing infrastructure stock and needs. 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