{"id":10694,"date":"2018-07-22T10:19:40","date_gmt":"2018-07-22T10:19:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/climatepolicyinitiative.org\/?p=10694"},"modified":"2026-04-17T11:28:17","modified_gmt":"2026-04-17T11:28:17","slug":"are-we-getting-climate-finance-all-wrong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.climatepolicyinitiative.org\/id\/are-we-getting-climate-finance-all-wrong\/","title":{"rendered":"Are we getting climate finance all wrong?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><em>This post <a href=\"http:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2018\/07\/20\/getting-climate-finance-wrong\/\">originally appeared<\/a> on Climate Home<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"news-author\">By\u00a0Jessica Brown and Ilmi Granoff<\/p>\n<div class=\"news-content\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><strong>It\u2019s widely accepted that by the year 2050, the world needs to be approaching net-zero carbon if the goals of the Paris climate deal are to survive.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">This long term rallying point, laid down by experts, has been followed by political commitments from\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2017\/01\/03\/france-targets-consumption-patterns-in-2050-climate-plan\/\"><span class=\"s2\">countries<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2017\/10\/03\/new-york-city-aims-carbon-neutral-2050\/\"><span class=\"s2\">cities<\/span><\/a>, and\u00a0<span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2015\/02\/05\/business-leaders-call-for-net-zero-emissions-by-2050\/\">businesses<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span>But much of the thinking on financing this ambition remains stuck in the short term.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">Meeting these goals\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/about.bnef.com\/blog\/liebreich-beyond-three-thirds-road-deep-decarbonization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">will require<\/a>\u00a0enormous progress on energy efficiency, decarbonisation of electricity and fuels, electrification of most transport fleets, building, and industry energy needs.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">It will also need massive investments in electricity generating capacity, grid infrastructure, and storage, as well as in both zero-emissions and carbon negative solutions including nuclear energy, carbon capture and storage, soil carbon sequestration, and afforestation and reforestation.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">But, despite rapidly increasing clarity on the array of climate solutions needed, the investment implications of achieving midcentury decarbonisation are less understood beyond the need to \u201cscale-up\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">Given the fundamental role finance plays in all facets of the global economy, it\u2019s time to ask: How does a focus on 2050 change how we spend money today?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Answering this question has surprising consequences that challenge assumptions about climate finance as a tool to accelerate effective mitigation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">For example, a fundamental principle of climate economics has been to focus on the \u201clow-hanging fruit\u201d of emissions abatement. That is, tackling no- or lowest-cost solutions first, like certain energy efficiency interventions, with the rationale that this gives the best immediate bang for buck. This is captured in the often-referenced\u00a0<span class=\"s2\">marginal abatement cost curves<\/span>, popularised by McKinsey and Company.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In a mid-century timeframe, however, delayed investment in sectors with high emissions abatement costs, such as buildings or transport, at best delays and at worst radically increases those high costs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">This thinking is best argued by\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0095069617308392\"><span class=\"s2\">Vogt-Schlib, Meunier, and Hallegatte<\/span><\/a>\u00a0who make a compelling case that in many high-cost abatement sectors a late, rushed transformation will be more expensive than a progressive, slow shift towards decarbonisation. This is primarily due to \u201cadjustment costs,\u201d such as the costs associated with abruptly diverting the labor force to retrofit buildings, or replacing infrastructure faster than its useful life.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">The researchers show\u00a0another reason to start with the higher cost interventions:\u00a0Often, the more expensive options not only reduce emissions today but also help lock in emissions reductions for the future. Urban transport systems are a great example of this in practice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s1\">These points complement an earlier, independent\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=946173\"><span class=\"s3\">finding<\/span><\/a>\u00a0that investing early in costlier technologies allows for \u201clearning-by-doing\u201d over time, leading to reductions in the overall cost of those technologies. Investment drives down technology costs, which in turn helps achieve more investment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">This means we need to invest immediately in technologies and sectors that are most expensive and difficult to decarbonize, even if cheaper abatement options exist.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">A focus on long-term goals also requires rethinking which financial actors are best suited to invest<b>\u00a0<\/b>at each stage in the technology development curve.<\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">We\u2019re seeing unprecedented investment in a few renewable energy technologies (on-shore wind and solar PV in particular) as scaled up investment rapidly drives down costs. But mid-century decarbonization will require continued price declines for these and many other technologies. Once we understand what technologies to prioritize, and where these are situated along the technology development curve, we need a framework for prioritizing the sources and structure of financing best suited to drive them toward price stability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Typical models of maturing innovations tend to emphasise the role of public investment at early stages of technology development, with public efforts at later stages limited to setting the right policy conditions to attract private investment. However, research by\u00a0<span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sussex.ac.uk\/webteam\/gateway\/file.php?name=what-will-it-take-to-get-us-a-green-revolution.pdf&amp;site=264\">Mariana Mazzucato and others<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>suggests public investment can play a critical role even at later stages in the innovation chain, throughout commercialisation and deployment stages. Green investment banks, loan guarantee programmes, and other \u201cindustrial strategy\u201d tools have helped accelerate the commercialisation of low-carbon innovations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Moreover, other research shows that the return expectations of venture capital \u2013 which typically comes in at early stages of commercialisation \u2013 do not always match actual returns, and therefore the underlying investment needs, of clean technologies at that point in their development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">These trends buck traditional thinking on where what types of capital are best deployed, begging us to consider whether the climate finance community needs a new framework for financial actors along the technology development spectrum.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_37050\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 684px\">\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone\" src=\"http:\/\/climatepolicyinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Tech-devt-curve_3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"684\" height=\"539\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: Authors\u2019 own, inspired by Mazzucato and Semieniuk, 2018<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i><\/i><span class=\"s1\">Another question that comes up as we take the long view on climate investment is how to most effectively mobilise low-carbon investment in developing countries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The traditional approach to addressing this challenge at international political negotiations has been to scale up finance flows from developed countries to developing countries, with a focus on climate-specific overseas development assistance and other official flows.<\/span><span class=\"s1\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">These funding sources are important, and there is little doubt that their overall levels are too low to meet critical climate-related needs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Recently, though, experts\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1111\/ecoj.12199\"><span class=\"s2\">Aghion and Jaravel<\/span><\/a>\u00a0make the case that domestic clean technology research and development (R&amp;D) spending in developed countries can lead to adoption of clean technologies in developing countries, implying that domestic R&amp;D in developed countries may be just as important to deploying clean energy in developing countries as development assistance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">But why limit this argument to R&amp;D? For instance, while US R&amp;D spending critically drove down costs for solar PV in the late 1970s, Germany induced further cost decreases through public investment and policy support starting in the 1990s. This in turn led to Chinese state support to PV manufacturers starting in the 2000s. Taken together, these domestic investments helped fuel the solar PV industry so that today, we see many emerging economies able to choose renewable energy based on lower tariffs alone.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">To be sure, financial support for developing country mitigation activities needs to scale-up under any circumstances. However, recognising these technology maturation paths will better elucidate how to support catalytic initiatives in both developed and developing countries most effectively with the aim of providing cross-border decarbonisation benefits.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">New thinking might also help us better direct climate-related development assistance, helping differentiate between economies where cost-competitive technologies have been locally proven and can already scale-up through market forces, and economies where those technologies have yet to diffuse.\u00a0 A dollar of development assistance in the Middle East may buy more solar power than in Southeast Asia, but the assistance may be more critical in Southeast Asia to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/entry\/clean-energy-is-dirt-cheap-unless-you-live-in-southeast_us_58e02eeae4b0d804fbbb73a2\"><span class=\"s2\">true the regional market<\/span><\/a>\u00a0to the global reality of cheap renewables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">It\u2019s with these and other questions in mind that\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.climateworks.org\/\"><span class=\"s2\">ClimateWorks<\/span><\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/climatepolicyinitiative.org\/\"><span class=\"s2\">Climate Policy Initiative<\/span><\/a>\u00a0have established a new research agenda -the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/climatepolicyinitiative.org\/publication\/climate-investment-research-collaborative-on-long-term-effectiveness-circle\/\"><span class=\"s2\">Climate Investment Research Collaborative on Long-term Effectiveness (Circle)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u2013 to explore the role of finance in addressing longer-term decarbonisation needs. We are inviting others to join us, because, while 2050 may feel like a long time from now, as of yet, when it comes to the investment decisions needed to get us there, we may only understand the tip of the iceberg.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><i>Jessica Brown is associate director at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/climatepolicyinitiative.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Policy Initiative<\/a>\u00a0and Ilmi Granoff is sustainable finance director at\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.climateworks.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ClimateWorks Foundation<\/a>.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It\u2019s widely accepted that by the year 2050, the world needs to be approaching net-zero carbon if the goals of the Paris climate deal are to survive.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":22989,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"programs":[1761],"regions":[392],"topics":[1195,623,1197,1194,1199,161,1226,238,264],"collaborations":[],"class_list":["post-10694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","programs-climate-finance-tracking","regions-global","topics-decarbonization-and-net-zero-goals","topics-development-finance","topics-electricity-market-reform","topics-energy-transitions","topics-finance","topics-institutional-investment","topics-policy-and-regulation","topics-private-finance","topics-renewable-energy"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Are we getting climate finance all wrong? - CPI<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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